Theory of Mind Term Paper Essay Example for Free

Theory of Mind Term Paper Essay This is called Theory of Mind, or TOM. This theory was first developed to investigate autism and to further understand primates. It was suggested that those who do not posses TOM were the victims of autism. (Tirapu-Ustarroz et. al. 2007) Other scientists suggest that what separates mankind from primates is that mankind possesses a â€Å"species-specific set of social cognitive skills† (Herman et. al. 2007). Arguably that covers a broader range than TOM but it encompasses it, uniting these scientists under one front. However, some scientists say that chimpanzees do indeed possess TOM. By showing a chimpanzee a series of video tapes of humans in situations that lacked a solution, and then presenting several different photos, one with a solution to the problem, it was shown that chimpanzees do indeed possess a version of TOM. For example, the chimpanzee was shown a video of a phonograph, unable to play because it was unplugged. The chimpanzee then chose the photo of a plugged in phonograph as a solution (Premack and Woodruff 1978). Similarly, others continue to suggest that we are not so very different from other primates. In an article titled Humans Have Evolved Specialized Skills of Social Cognition: The Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis results it is suggested that it is not â€Å"general intelligence† that separates us from other animals, it is the level of sophistication and maturity of our cognitive skills. In fact, 2. 5 year old children did not differ from chimpanzees significantly in cognitive skills , specifically those used to assess the physical world (Herman et. al. 2007). In the science world, it has long been debated at what age TOM is developed. Is TOM developed relatively late in childhood (age four) or as early as 7 months? The scientific community is split. There are those that suggest that TOM is developed at age four. And still those that say TOM is innate and can be seen relatively early in child development, it is just undetectable unless a nonverbal false-belief task is assumed (Onishi and Baillargeon 2005). In The Social Sense: Susceptibility to Others’ Beliefs in Human Infants and Adults scientists explore exactly this topic. False belief tasks : Adults vs. infants This article focuses on the differences and similarities of 7 month olds, 3 year olds, and adults in their reaction to several different false-belief tasks. A false belief task is a test, usually using a video or pictures, involving an agent and a participant. The agent is the person watching the video and reacting to it. The participant is the person in the video that is actually doing a task. (Kovacs 2010) There were seven experiments performed in order to reach a conclusion to a compounded hypothesis how do other’s beliefs affect the actions of an individual when the agent is present and absent. Furthermore, how early is this ability developed and to what extent does it differ between individuals, specifically 7 month olds, versus adults. If TOM is innate, it hould be as automatic as our response to our physical environment. This is also explored. (Kovacs 2010) In the first experiment, adults watched a series of videos of a ball and an occluder. In each video, the ball either stayed behind the occluder, rolled off the screen in front of the agent only, or rolled away in front of the agent and participant. The adults watching ar e the agents. The people in the video are the participants. After each video, either the participant and the agent both believed the ball to be behind the occluder, both believed it to have rolled away, or have conflicting beliefs. This is an example of a false-belief task. Then they measured the reaction times of the participants detecting the ball in each situation. The presence of an agent had nothing to do with the task, however, it affected the reaction time of participants. (Kovacs 2010) In Experiment 2, in the last scene of the movie, a pile of boxes was in place of an agent. Surprisingly, the results were the same as experiment one. This shows that the agents beliefs were stored and still affected the behavior of the participant. The participants found the ball quickly when both they and the agent believed it to be behind the occluder. Kovacs 2010) Experiment 3 was performed to show further strengthen the results found in Experiment 1 and 2. Experiment 4-7 were the same as Experiments 1-3 but used infants and looking times versus reaction times. Each subsequent experiment was performed to further solidify the results of the previous experiment. (Kovacs 2010) Conclusion So, to answer the initial question as to how we differ from our primate relatives and when we develop this ability, all pertinent information seems to suggest that TOM is indeed a major distinguisher, and that this innate ability is detectable as early as 7 months of age. Why this matters The results of this experiment are ground-breaking. For decades, scientist have said that TOM is developed at age four. But if TOM is innate and not learned, this reveals a peek into the social structure of mankind. It leads to answers to questions like why we act the way we do in society, and how we evolved into who we are today. It also provides a nonverbal false-belief task that can be performed on infants. This means it can also be performed on other primates, and maybe even those with brain damage that provides them incapable of speaking. With this, we can investigate whether TOM is affected by certain types of brain damage, and if it is specified to one location in the brain. We can identify the absence of TOM in certain patients with certain diseases which would allow us to draw certain conclusions about the disease itself. This experiment opens numerous doors to and exciting field of science. Cited References 1. Herrmann E. , Call J. , Hernandez-LloredaM. V. , Hare B. , Tomasello M (2007), Humans have evolved specialized skills of social cognition: The cultural intelligence hypothesis.

Anime on TV :: Essays Papers

Anime on TV Since the birth of Anime, the American television market has been a player in the industry. When Tetsuan Atom made its debut in 1963 as the dream of a humble comic book artist, few would have guessed the impact it would have on the world of entertainment and the economy of Japan. Discovered by a NBC executives in Japan selling shows for syndication, Astro Boy as it came to be known in the states, started a revolution in Japanese entertainment and giving America, and the world, its first taste of Anime. The success of Astro Boy led to the overnight development of an Anime industry filled with copycats, originals, and half way attempts that lead to what we see today. Famous names like Miyazaki, Otomo, and Rintaro all made their start in the industry that came from the humble beginnings as the gleam in the eye of a man named Tezuka. Over the next three decades anime made repeated leaps into the American market, Kimba the white lion, Speed Racer and Robotech gave way to Transformers, Voltron, and Sailor Moon. Eventually, Dragonball made its debut. All the while Anime was slowly gaining its place in America, meanwhile in Japan it was developing into a full-fledged industry. Today, the American industry of showing Anime has developed to a five plus hour per day airing across multiple networks and cable channels. While the early exposures where largely unchanged, as other, more mature titles where purchased for the US market the editing process began. Due to the US stigma of animation as a strictly children’s medium, shows where edited for language, content, and story. While it is debatable as to whether these changes ruined or improved the anime, it is undeniable that it gave Anime the one thing it needed most to make it in the American market: exposure. Exposure makes market High exposure leads to a larger fan base and while many have no clue or interest in what exactly anime is, carefull look at the TV industry allows one to follow a clear trend, if we have 100 pokemon fans in 1998, then in 2000 we have about 75 DBZ fans who now hate pokemon, in 2002 we have around 45 lovers of Cowboy Bebop, Outlaw Star, Inuyasha, and around 20 hard core otaku who have found the world of fan and digi subs. By 2010, we have an anime industry with accolades of fans swarming in unprecedented numbers, all because a few shows debuted on TV back in the day.

Case- Harley-Davidson-Strength & Weaknesses Essay

CASE ASSIGNMENT To complete Module 3 Case Assignment, please read the information in the background material, look for more information (from previous modules and library resources), and then write a 4- to 5-page report answering the following questions: What are H-D’s top two or three strengths for moving forward in the competitive motorcycle manufacturing and sales environment? Describe what you consider to be two or three of the weaknesses that are likely to have the greatest impact, and what H-D is doing (or should be doing) to overcome these weaknesses. Wrap up by overviewing the more salient points of your entire SWOT analysis (from your Module 3 and 4 Case Assignments) and give your impressions in relation to whether you think the corporation will continue to be competitive and be able to continue to meet its mission. An introduction stating the thesis, position, or central theme of your paper, a main body focusing on the key assignment specifications, and a conclusion concisely stating the main points of your analysis and the conclusions you reached. INTRODUCTION Harley-Davidson, Inc. is a U.S. based motorcycle manufacturer which was founded in 1903 and still remain one of the best American companies. Over the years, Harley-Davidson has adopted different strategies to promote their products in order to maintain its profitability and presence in the U.S. and International market. This paper will include the internal analysis identifying the company strengths and weaknesses and my personal impression is the company will be able to continue to be competitive and able to fulfil  its mission. THREE MAJOR STRENGTHS THAT CONTRIBUTE THE COMPANY TO BE COMPETITIVE IN THE MOTORCYCLE MANUFACTURING AND SALES ENVIRONMENT Harley-Davidson, Inc. is a recognized brand legend, not just in the United States but all over the world, representing value, great designs, strong performance, durability, exclusivity and great customer service. Harley-Davidson has been in business since 1903 and has endured the constant market changes and customers’ demands for new products. The President and CEO of Harley-Davidson, Mr. Jim Zeiner, in 2005 have expressed the main reason of the company success: â€Å"A strong emotional tug draws people to Harley-Davidson. Emotions play a huge role in every customer relationship†. Mr. Zeiner believed that â€Å"Our sense of purpose-in other words, our focus on growing demand by offering great products and unique experiences† have been one of the constants of company success (Harley-Davidson, Inc., 2005). In order to maintain their business competitive in the motorcycle manufacturing and sales environment the company had to evolution along with these changes. One of the ways to accomplish the constant demand for new and innovative products, Harley-Davidson has created and maintained a strong research and development unit to create new innovative designs. Another feature available for Harley-Davidson customers is a webpage where customers can customize motorcycles appearance and performance, giving additional ideas to create new designs (models), attracting existing and new customers to buy Harley-Davidson bikes. Harley-Davidson’s operational excellence allow the company to reduce waste, improving quality and increase customer satisfaction by reconfiguring layouts and processes to gain capacity, reduce work-in progress and handling 50 percent, and reduce three operating shifts to two (Harley-Davidson, Inc., 2005). Through all Harley-Davidson facilities the operational excellence strategy has facilitated the workflow which allowed the company to increase their capacity of production processes. Harley-Davidson management is constantly finding ways to improve processes including standard financial  software platforms that service all business units creating ways to improve forecasting for new performance accessories (Harley-Davidson, Inc., 2005). The company operational efficiency improvement has resulted in a revenue increase from $5.58 billion in 2012 to $5.9 billion in 2013 as well the operating margin of 17.92 percent in 2012 as compared to19.61 percent in 2013. The operating income has also increased 169 basis point (bps) indicating an improvement in profitability (Marketwatch.com). Harley-Davidson has two segments in which offer a variety of products and services. One of the segments is responsible for the development of designs, manufacturing motorcycles, sales of parts, accessories, general merchandise and related services through Motorcycles & Related Products. The other segment provides financial services to Harley-Davidson motorcycle dealers, in other words to finance Harley-Davidson franchises through Harley-Davidson Financial Services (GlobalData, 2012). TWO MAJOR WEAKNESSES AND HOW TO OVERCOME THESE WEAKNESSES One of Harley-Davidson weaknesses, in the past and existing, is product recalls which has and still affecting company’s revenues. In September of this year, Harley-Davidson recalled more than 105,000 motorcycles from 2014 model year because their clutches may fail, causing stopped bikes to creep forward and potentially crash, not been the only recall for this year. Earlier this year the Milwaukee Company also is recalling 1,384 motorcycles made earlier this year to test for possible fuel tank leaks (Associate Press, 2014). Product recalls not only affect the financial stability of Harley-Davidson but also affect their brand and reputation as well. Another Harley-Davidson weakness is their high dependency on Unites States market which increases its business risk. Based on Harley-Davidson financial statement for the fiscal year of 2012, the company sales depended on the 68.1 percent of the market which is an high percentage, if is any adverse event could adversely affect the company’s financial stability (GlobalData, 2012). _Product Recalls_ Harley-Davidson’s Product Development Center (PDC) should improve the quality of their products to reduce recalls issues preventing any further damage to company’s reputation. _U.S. Market Dependency_ There are some issues for Harley-Davidson to enter or grow in countries in the international market which includes an unstable economy, currency exchange, fuel prices. Harley-Davidson should take into consideration these issues and develop lighter and less costly motorcycles that will allow the company to increase their probability to create a new market niche. In order to reduce manufacturing costs Harley-Davidson have the option to open a manufacturing factory closer to these markets reducing cost and increasing revenue. SWOT ANALYSIS MAIN POINTS & IMPRESSION OF FUTURE OF HARLEY-DAVIDSON Harley-Davidson is a successful company composed by dedicated employees, most of them who have been working for many years and they are able to understand market changes and customer demands. Harley-Davidson has a strong brand image, diversity of products, customization, high operational efficiency, strong research center, and great customer service. In my opinion, I think Harley-Davidson has many years to come. The new strategies they have developed includes, the manufacture of customer led motorcycle, seamless launch of surge production, flexibility to adjust to other markets dynamics, develop and manufacture designs to new demographics of clients which includes young adults from 18-34 years old, women, African Americans and Hispanics, and new financial and insurance programs (A. R. Harley-Davidson, 2013). Harley-Davidson have demonstrated with a successful track record that they have the capacity to maintain their position and reputation in the motorcycle market. CONCLUSION Harley-Davidson has encountered many problems since its creation and over the years and has adopted different strategies to promote their products and brand name not only in the United State but internationally, opening the doors to create business opportunities in other countries. No matter their high and low’s, their products have proved to be the best in the motorcycle industry and they are still designing better models to provide the best experience of motorcycling, including past learning experience to improve flaws. They have also been able to improve their operational excellence which has increased company’s revenue creating a financial stability. References Associate Press. (2014, Sep 27). Harley issues recalls to fix clutches, fuel tanks. _The Big Story_. Retrieved October 21, 2014, from http://bigstory.ap.org/article/9e99e8c27efe4b62b4f8eb749275249e/harley-issues-recalls-fix-clutches-fuel-tanks Cook, B., (2012). _Strategize this: Facilitating Corporate Strategy Development – External_ _Analysis_. Retrieved October 21, 2014, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=syDRegjvFEw&list=PL-ao-8pxqJKLwBr-921a5V9o3P_Uva_mv GlobalData, (2012). _Harley-Davidson, Inc. – Financial and Strategic Analysis Review_. Retrieved on August 18, 2014, from http://callisto.ggsrv.com/imgsrv/Fetch?banner =4d609cd7&digest=27b6b6d33026b58ef227e0025dda7d42&contentSet=SWOT&recordID=47405_GDAUT29887FSA Harley-Davidson, (2012). _Harley-Davidson shows continued improvement_. Retrieved August 18, 2014, from http://www.harley-davidson.com/en_US/Content/Pages/HD_ News/Company/news.html?article=en_US/News/1483_press_release.hdnews Harley-Davidson, Inc. (2005). _2005 Annual Report._ Retrieved October 19, 2014, from http://www.artikus.com.tr/kurumsal/faaliyetraporu/5.pdf Harley-Davidson, Inc. (2013). 2013 was a big year for Harley-Davidson. _2013 Annual Review._ Retrieved October 19, 2014, from http://ar.harley-davidson.com/letter.php Looney, D. C., & Ryerson, A. (2011). Lehman trikes: A story within a story. _Arden: Jordan Whitney Enterprises, Inc_. Retrieved August 4, 2014, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/912511497?accountid=28844 MarketWatch. (n.d.). Harley-Davidson. _Annual financials for Harley-Davidson, Inc_. Retrieved October 24, 2014, from http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/HOG/financials Marketingteacher.com (2011). _SWOT Analysis_. Retrieved August 18, 2014, from http://marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-swot.html Taylor, A., (2012). The Hurdles at Harley-Davidson. _CNN Money_ – Fortune. Retrieved August 4, 2014, from: http://money.cnn.com/2012/10/03/autos/harley-davidson-polaris.fortune/index.html The Associate Press. (2014). _Harley-Davidson issues recalls to fix clutches, fuel tanks_. Retrieved October 21, 2014, from http://www.dailyfinance.com/2014/09/29/harley-davidson-mortorcycle-clutch-fuel-tank-recall/ UMC Staff, (2013) Harley-Davidson | 2012 Worldwide Sales Up 6.2%. _Ultimate Motorcycling_. Retrieved August 18, 2014, from http://ultimatemotorcycling.com/harley-davidson-2012-worldwide-sales-up-6-2/ http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/33965/8/33019108.pdf

The Clash Of Two Great Minds Essay - 1447 Words

The clash of two great minds has long been the struggle, Alexander Hamilton vs Aaron Burr, Stalin vs. Trotsky Michelangelo vs. Da Vinci and of course Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B Du bois. Although both different ideologies, they were both trying to reach the same goal, equality. Although Washington was more economics based and Dubois was more ideology based they both wanted the same outcome, however Dubois approach seems more practical but both have successes and failures, and can be learned from today. The main argument of Booker T. Washington is that he wanted more of an economic approach to equality. In the article published by the Atlantic called â€Å"Black History, American History,† it says that, â€Å"if students learned useful trades while in school, he suggested, they would feel confident that they had something to offer and could therefore lay claim to a position in the social structure.† This means that he wanted African Americans to take more of a ground up approach. That if they as a collective could learn skills and, be a desirable work force they would be respected. This work force would then make enough money that they could buy their own land and create their own businesses. This would give the African American community a foot to stand on when it came to debating issues because they could be able to say look at what as a group African Americans have accomplished. Booker to is quoted saying â€Å"Friction between the races will pass away in proportion as the black man .Show MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast of the Arguments in Huntingtons The Clash of Civilizations and Saids The Clash of Ignorance1158 Words   |  5 PagesSamuel Huntington has made famous his thesis the clash of civilizations, which was developed in his article in Foreign Affairs in 1993 and in the book that followed, in which the author expanded his thesis and reaffirmed the validity of his theory after the success and controversy that followed the publication of his article. 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Although people with old money such as the Buchanans survive, Jay Gatsby dies. Gatsby, despite his dubious legality, literally and figuratively creates a self-made identity that collapses on the cusp of achieving his dream. In the scene beginning on page 110 where Nick imagines Gatsby falling in loveRead More Matthew Arnolds Dover Beach Essay927 Words   |  4 PagesMatthew Arnolds Dover Beach Great works of poetry convey a feeling, mood, or message that affects the reader on an emotional, personal level. Great works of poetry can do that -- translate a literal story/theme -- but masterpieces, like Matthew Arnolds Dover Beach, are a double-edged sword, containing a second, figurative theme -- a message between the lines and underneath the obvious. Not only is Matthew Arnolds 1867 poem, Dover Beach, a unique and beautiful literary work describingRead MoreMajor Themes of the Novel Things Fall Apart1062 Words   |  5 Pagesin an increasingly unsympathetic and incompatible environment, but consider what would have been lost had Achebe not emphasized the theme of the complex and dynamic qualities of the Igbo in Umuofia. Clash of Cultures Against Achebe s theme of Igbo cultural complexity is his theme of the clash of cultures. This collision of cultures occurs at the individual and societal levels, and the cultural misunderstanding cuts both ways: Just as the uncompromising Reverend Smith views Africans as heathensRead MoreThe War Between Germany And Britain909 Words   |  4 PagesMutual defense alliance is an agreement between two countries that if another invades them, that they ll step in and help. The ones that teamed up were Russia and Serbia, Germany and Austria-Hungary, France and Russia, Japan and britain, and Britain, France, and Belgium. Imperialism is a system of which extends a country s power and influences through diplomacy or military force. Every country wanted the largest part to control, having this in mind it was nearly impossible for all to be happy. TheRead MoreSince The Cold War Era, The Spread Of Democracy And Its1410 Words   |  6 PagesWar and liberal democracy leads to world peace. The l ack of direct conflict between two established democracies in many years can be attributed to the claim that the spread of democracy makes the world more peaceful. However, this is not always the case. Rosato says democracies do not reliably externalize their domestic norms of conflict resolution and do not trust or respect one another when their interests clash. The long-standing platform of freedom for all in America shows the effect of a democracy

How Transmedia Has Worked And Is So Successful - 1587 Words

Transmedia has been a huge part of how Marvel Studios have worked and is so successful(Menard, 2014). Every single movie feels unique, but also it feels like it is part of a bigger universe(Weekend Warrior, 2016). Transmedia have been making the Marvel Studios bigger and more interconnected for almost 10 years(ComicBookCast, 2016). Transmedia has made Marvel Studios able to build the larger world that they have established(ComicBookCast,2016). Transmedia has made watching all Marvel Studios movies worth it, because of the various easter eggs(Menard, 2014). For example, the references that are made is Thor, Iron Man, and The Avengers(Menard, 2014) . In Iron Man 3, they reference how the impact that Thor had on the World, and in the same†¦show more content†¦The themes in Marvel Studios have never been misunderstood or misrepresented in a way that the audience could not comprehended it, even if the scale of realism is on the complete opposite sides of each other(ComicBookCast2 , 2016). Examples that will be discussed are Guardians Of The Galaxy, Doctor Strange, Captain America: Winter Soldier, and Thor. Guardians Of The Galaxy and Doctor Strange were projected to fail by almost every critic(ComicBookCast2, 2016). Almost everyone had never heard of Guardians Of The Galaxy except the hard core fans of the comics(Weekend Warrior, 2016). Kevin Feige wanted to push the idea of expanded universe and the only way he wanted to do it was Guardians Of The Galaxy(Weekend Warrior, 2016). Guardians Of The Galaxy had a lot of crazy aspect that gets dive into to, but it somehow breaks all expectation and it succeeds far more than it has been(ComicBookCast2, 2014). Guardians Of The Galaxy has extraordinary characters that is relatable, such as Drax and Peter Quill. Drax is trying to avenge his family that was killed by Ronan the Accuser, and Peter Quill regrets not saying goodbye to his mother right before she died(ComicBookCast2, 2014). These two characters have something in common, which is they both have burden placed on their lives(Menard, 2014). They both can’t shake the feeling of what has been done, and they both blame themselvesShow MoreRelatedWith The Movie Industry On The Rise In The 21Th Century,1725 Words   |  7 Pagesheroes into movie stars(Comicbookcast2,2016). Marvel Studios’ films has not released a critically bad movie, and they beat out the gold standard that Pixar has maintained(T.V. Junkie, 2016). Marvel Studios has been steamrolling all of the movies that the other studios(T.V. Junkie, 2016). Marvel Studios has been known at making decades worth of emotional, dramatic, entertaining movies, but in order to understand how they are so successful at capturing a wide variety of public audience, the following mustRead MoreThe Marvel Of Marvel Studios1849 Words   |  8 PagesMarvel Studios’ movies is like a path to travel on as an audience member (Menard, 2014, p. 28). Across a decade worth of films and tv shows, there has been a there has been more than 60 characters that the Marvel Studios universe contains (Menard, 2014, p. 54). Ther e has been a lot of conflict and character development, because of the multiple events that happens in the other movies (ComicBookCast2,2016). There a lot of example of this happening, such as the new york event in The Avengers (ComicBookCast2

No Child Left Behind Assessment Essay - 1289 Words

If a standardized test was a contestant on Dancing With the Stars or American Idol, would it be voted off? Depends on whether the judges were politicians, professors, psychologists or parents. The stakes are high; ideology and money are at stake, and accountability is on the line. Using standardized tests as quantitative measurement tools have important implications for American education, â€Å"quality of assessment is one of the key features of good teaching and setting appropriate assessment tasks should question students in a way that demands evidence of understanding† (Jimaa, 20011, p. 217). The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) education reform program is a good example of this concept. The ambitious federal education bill that President†¦show more content†¦After a century and a half of universal public education, and despite the highest per-pupil expenditure on public elementary and secondary education in the world, forty percent of United States fourth graders read below the minimally acceptable level, according to National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). And for minority students in inner-city schools, that rate is 65 percent. It is an accepted fact that children who do not read by fourth grade almost always fall behind in all other subjects. (It is even more moving to realize that children learned to read well in one-room schoolhouses before all of the debate about â€Å"best practices,† pedagogy, etc.) The NCLB act required mandatory annual testing in basic reading and math skills for all children in grades three through eight. The results required scores to be broken down by race, sex, English-language proficiency, and socioeconomic status, and made public. (States were permitted to develop their own tests subject to federal oversight.) The mandatory testing requirement served to hold schools accountable. â€Å"However, for the most part states did not examine the effects of testing on educational practice. That was an important omission because one of the central assumptions of NCLB was the provision of high-quality information that would promote improved educationalShow MoreRelated The No Child Left Behind Act: Impact on the Assessment of Special Education Students3353 Words   |  14 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act: Impact on the Assessment of Special Education Students Three years after the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) moved into our schools there is a great deal of controversy that questions whether the act implemented by President George W. 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Paul Cezanne Essay Example For Students

Paul Cezanne Essay Paul Czannewas born in Aix-en-Provence, a small town south of France. As a young boy, Czannespassions lay in his poetry and his friends, including Emile Zola (Preble 402). Czanneis included in the time of the Post-Impressionists. Czanne wanted to makeImpressionism into something solid and enduring like the art of museums (Preble401). Czanne did not have a typical, (as I define as friendly), relationshipwith his father. Czanne had some problems with his father. Czannes fatherwanted for Czanne to be a lawyer. His father had sent him to a college forlawyers but Czanne was coaxed otherwise by his friend Zola her moved to Paris(Preble 402). Czannes father had bought the Jas de Bouffan, which would bethe place that Czanne did many of his works (Rewald 21). The Jas de Bouffanwould be their residence for over a half a century. In one of Czannespaintings of their residence he omits people and animals that, like in most ofhis paintings, would disrupt the unchanging features of the scene (Murph y 150). Czannes father was always in a struggle with his son. His father was onethat could not comprehend anyone being able to be successful in anything thatdid not make him or her rich. One thing that his father had to be able torecognize was that his son had determination, but his father was utterly blindin seeing his sons talent (Rewald 35). When Czannes father died, Czannespoke of him as a genius for leaving him an income of 25,000 francs (Murphy123). Czanne married his 12-year affair Hortense Fiquet. A few months aftertheir marriage, Czannes father died. Hortense was not welcome at the Jas deBouffan by Czannes mother and sister. People say that his mother and sisterbanned her from the house and they were in a rage of giving her too much money(Murphy 117). Czannes sister, Marie, was the one that encouraged themarriage, even though she disliked Hortense, in hope that in would lift thespirits of her brother. Hortense and Czanne did not along very well (Rewald125). Even after their marriage , Czanne had no thought about living the Jas orhis other and sister. Czanne thought that 16,000 francs, which were her share,was all that she needed (Rewald 125). Emile Zola was Pauls best friend. Czanneand Zola were attracted by their shared interest in literary movements andartists. Zola and Czanne played an important role in each others life withZola helping start Czannes art career and Czanne helping Zola to startthinking about pictorial art (Murphy 14). Czanne at one point thought he couldwrite and some of his works are found in his letters to Zola: Dark, thickunwelcome mist covers me up; The sun withdraws its last handful of diamonds(Murphy 14). Zola was a very important person on telling the history of Czanne. However, their friendship had its rocky times and its breakup by Zola. Zola canrecall the complete disorder of Czannes studio (Rewald 62). Zola tells ushow Czanne rarely swept the interior of his studio for fear that the dustwould disrupt his works. Czanne based his work on the observation of natureand used separate strokes that were visible to make rich surfaces (Preble 400). Czanne tried counting on the connection between adjacent strokes of color toshow the entirety of the form and the space decreasing. In Czannes TheSaint Victoire from Bellevue we can see how Czanne uses this technique to showspace and depth from a flat plane. Czanne likes to make alterations on natureand enlarge the mountain; Czanne also makes spatiality more clear and distinctthan the actual photographs of the motifs (Loran 125). Czanne seemed to beobsessed by this mountain and somewhat exaggerated the size of it in every oneof his paintings (Murphy 154). In another view of this, entitled Mont Saint-Victoire,Czanne uses the tree to show height by extending it the entire length of thecanvas. Czanne utilizes color contrasts to show depth playing with cool andwarm color shifts (Schapiro 66). Czanne painted this scene at least 60 timesfrom every possible angle. Czanne had a very distinct style of painting. Tomove out of the style of the broken-color of the Impressionists, Czannecreated t he system of modulating the colors from a volume of cool to warm orlight to dark. He made a series of steps (Loran 25). As the colors begin tooverlap they are creating a three-dimensional image. Czanne very seldom evermade a line around his paintings (Loran 26). Czanne would make the linesvirtually disappear off the edge thus creating more volume. This would make Czannespaintings pass to the negative or the background (Loran 26). This technique canbe seen in Czannes Still Life with Apples, a Bottle, and a Milk Pot (Rewald253). In this painting we are able to see the way Czanne literally escapes theuse of encompassing lines. Czanne loses the edges in this painting producingan image of it pass into the background. Let us return to the color modulationthat Czanne created. Color balance was one final aim for Czanne. Czanneslight sources are moderately consistent and his shadows are a very importantelement to his color (Loran 28). Czanne was known to work on several canvasesat one time c hanging from one to the other depending on the time of day or thelocation of the sun. One of his paintings that express this color balance isChestnut Trees and Farmhouse at the Jas de Bouffan (Rewald 150). In thispainting Czanne is also building on the volumes, which leads us to the nextperspective on his work. Czanne used lines to create planes, but he usedplanes to create volume. If every artist can agree on one thing, it is that Czanneachieved volume (Loran 27). In Czannes The Quarry Called Bibemus, thevolume is accentuated. Czanne relies on warm-to-cold contrasts and overlappingforms to give the volume instead of linear and aerial perspective (Murphy 81). .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258 , .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258 .postImageUrl , .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258 , .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258:hover , .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258:visited , .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258:active { border:0!important; } .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258:active , .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258 .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u77da3d3a8486f965a17a1ef7de160258:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: From Dirt to Duchess EssayThe color contrast between the bright green tree and the orange rock make thespace perfectly clear without the use of lines (Loran 71). Czanne had problemswith perspective. In his Road to Gardanne, Czanne drastically changes thescene in order to organize space. Czanne compresses the size of the foregroundand makes the road with a sharper turn. Czanne also reduces the size of thetrees immensely, but increases the size of the bridge immensely (Loran 48). Thissame technique is also used in Mardi Gras and Harlequin. This is one of hismonumental works in which he struggles with his space organization. His son,Paul, posed for the paintings as Harlequin (Murphy 108). In this photo Czanneshows his struggle of space by adding sections to the plane. We can see acrinkle in the canvas area of the ankle and toe of Harlequin. Czanne alsocaused distortions in his paintings that were merely accidental. Due to the factthat Czanne would still be scheming his paintings distortion was often made(Loran 29). We can see this in his artwork entitled Women Bathers (Schapiro117). We can see in this painting how the head of one of the women is distortedand somewhat absent from the painting. His distortion was sometimes justconsidered a lack of dexterity and manual skill, which he later mastered. It issaid that because Czanne had not reduced himself to simple abstract shapesthere were distortions. He was still trying to capture the realistic look bysmudging and smearing (Loran 95). The paintings distortion can also beexplained by the fact that he did all canvases at one time which did not allowhim much accuracy on the human figure. Much distortion can be seen in thepainting of another Bathers (Rewald 87). In this painting, the bathers can noteven be distinguished without reading the name. In Czannes LEstaque, Czanneis showing how he unifies the foreground and background of some of his paintings(Schapiro 63). Unlike the original picture of this scene where the foregroundand background are clearly separate, Czannes paintings unify hem into one,so that they merge to look continuous with one another. Czanne is losing theaerial perspective that is held highly among the Impressionists (Loran 106). Works Cited 1Loran, Erle. Czannes Composition: Analysis of His Form withDiagrams and Photographs of his Motifs. University of California Press, 1970. 2Murphy, Richard W. The World of Czanne : 1839-1906. Time-Life Books, Inc.,1968. 3Preble, Duane, Preble, Sarah, and Frank, Patrick, Artforms: AnIntroduction to the Visual Arts. Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Addison Wesley Longman, 1999. 4Rewald, John. Czanne: A Biography. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1986. 5Schapiro, Meyer. Paul Czanne. Harry N. Abrams, Inc.,1952. Bibliography1Loran, Erle. Czannes Composition: Analysis of His Form with Diagramsand Photographs of his Motifs. University of California Press, 1970. 2Murphy,Richard W. The World of Czanne : 1839-1906. Time-Life Books, Inc., 1968. 3Preble, Duane, Preble, Sarah, and Frank, Patrick, Artforms: An Introduction tothe Visual Arts. Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Addison WesleyLongman, 1999. 4Rewald, John. Czanne: A Biography. Harry N. Abrams, Inc.,1986. 5Schapiro, Meyer. Paul Czanne. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1952. Arts and Painting